Сера: Метилсульфонилметан (MSM) – обзор и практика применения

Метилсульфонилметан (MSM) представляет собой природное органическое соединение серы, которое широко используется в качестве пищевой добавки благодаря своему многофакторному биологическому действию.

Наиболее распространённой областью его применения является снижение воспаления, однако спектр эффектов значительно шире и включает влияние на болевой синдром, окислительный стресс и антиоксидантный статус организма. Данное соединение изучено как в экспериментальных моделях на животных, так и в клинических исследованиях с участием человека. Результаты демонстрируют улучшение ряда физиологических показателей при регулярном применении. MSM признан безопасным веществом, хорошо переносится большинством людей при дозировках до 4 г в сутки и характеризуется минимальными побочными эффектами.

MSM известен под различными названиями, включая диметилсульфон, метилсульфон и органическая сера. До внедрения в клиническую практику он использовался как промышленный растворитель, аналогично диметилсульфоксиду (DMSO), который является его предшественником. В период с середины XX века DMSO активно исследовался благодаря способности проникать через биологические мембраны, переносить другие вещества, а также проявлять антиоксидантные и противовоспалительные свойства. Позднее было установлено, что часть эффектов DMSO может быть обусловлена его метаболитами, включая MSM.

В конце 1970-х годов начались систематические исследования MSM как терапевтического агента. Были предложены различные направления его применения, включая улучшение состояния кожи, укрепление ногтей, снижение боли и повышение энергетического обмена. Однако значительная часть этих утверждений не получила достаточного научного подтверждения. При этом имеются данные, свидетельствующие о возможной эффективности MSM при воспалительных заболеваниях, включая остеоартрит, интерстициальный цистит и аллергический ринит.

MSM является компонентом глобального серного цикла. Его природное образование начинается с синтеза серосодержащих соединений морскими микроорганизмами, такими как фитопланктон. В дальнейшем происходят атмосферные превращения с участием окислительных агентов, включая озон и ультрафиолетовое излучение. Образующиеся соединения возвращаются на поверхность земли с осадками и включаются в почвенные процессы, где используются растениями и микроорганизмами. В организме человека MSM поступает преимущественно с пищей или в виде добавок.

Синтетическое производство MSM осуществляется путём окисления DMSO с последующей очисткой. Получаемое вещество не отличается по химической структуре и безопасности от природного аналога. Поскольку содержание MSM в пищевых продуктах крайне низкое, промышленное производство позволяет получать биологически значимые дозировки без необходимости чрезмерного потребления пищи.

Всасывание MSM в организме происходит быстро. У человека максимальная концентрация в крови достигается менее чем за один час после приёма. Вещество распределяется равномерно по тканям, включая центральную нервную систему, что подтверждается его обнаружением в спинномозговой жидкости. Выведение происходит преимущественно с мочой, однако возможно также через другие биологические жидкости. Период полувыведения составляет более 12 часов, что обеспечивает его устойчивое присутствие в организме при регулярном приёме.

Механизмы действия MSM связаны с его способностью воздействовать на ключевые клеточные сигнальные пути, регулирующие воспаление и окислительный стресс. Одним из центральных механизмов является ингибирование транскрипционного фактора NF-κB, который играет ключевую роль в активации воспалительных генов. Подавление NF-κB приводит к снижению синтеза провоспалительных цитокинов, включая интерлейкины IL-1 и IL-6, а также фактор некроза опухоли TNF-α.

Дополнительно MSM снижает активность ферментов iNOS и COX-2, что приводит к уменьшению продукции оксида азота и простаноидов, участвующих в воспалительных реакциях. Также наблюдается подавление активности инфламмасомы NLRP3, что снижает клеточный воспалительный ответ. Эти эффекты реализуются как на уровне транскрипции генов, так и на субклеточном уровне.

Антиоксидантные свойства MSM проявляются через регуляцию нескольких транскрипционных факторов, включая NF-κB, STAT, p53 и Nrf2. Под действием MSM уменьшается образование активных форм кислорода, а также усиливается экспрессия антиоксидантных ферментов, таких как супероксиддисмутаза, каталаза и глутатионпероксидаза. Это способствует восстановлению баланса между окислительными и антиоксидантными процессами в клетке.

Иммуномодулирующее действие MSM обусловлено его способностью влиять на взаимодействие между воспалением и окислительным стрессом. Он снижает уровень провоспалительных медиаторов и способствует сохранению функциональной активности иммунных клеток при стрессовых воздействиях. Также отмечаются эффекты, связанные с регуляцией апоптоза и клеточного цикла, что может иметь значение в различных патологических состояниях.

MSM рассматривается как источник серы для синтеза серосодержащих аминокислот, таких как метионин и цистеин. Однако участие MSM в этих процессах зависит от состояния микробиоты и требует дальнейшего изучения. На данный момент отсутствуют убедительные доказательства его роли как донора метильных групп или участника метилирования ДНК.

Наиболее изученная область применения MSM связана с лечением заболеваний суставов. Клинические исследования демонстрируют снижение боли, уменьшение скованности и улучшение функции суставов при остеоартрите. Эти эффекты подтверждаются как субъективными шкалами оценки боли, так и функциональными тестами. При комбинировании MSM с другими веществами, такими как глюкозамин и хондроитин, наблюдается усиление терапевтического эффекта.

MSM оказывает защитное действие на хрящевую ткань, снижая разрушение внеклеточного матрикса и подавляя активность провоспалительных цитокинов. Это способствует замедлению дегенеративных процессов в суставах.

Дополнительно отмечается улучшение физической функции, увеличение подвижности и снижение мышечной боли после физических нагрузок. MSM способен уменьшать выраженность воспалительной реакции, возникающей при микротравмах мышц, что делает его полезным при интенсивных физических нагрузках.

В исследованиях также показано снижение маркеров окислительного стресса, включая малоновый диальдегид и окисленный глутатион, а также повышение общей антиоксидантной активности.

MSM демонстрирует эффективность при сезонных аллергиях, снижая выраженность респираторных симптомов при регулярном приёме.

В дерматологической практике MSM используется для улучшения состояния кожи. Наблюдаются эффекты, включающие повышение эластичности, уменьшение морщин и улучшение общего внешнего вида кожи, что связано с его участием в синтезе структурных белков.

Исследования in vitro и на животных моделях показывают, что MSM может оказывать влияние на опухолевые клетки, подавляя их рост и пролиферацию через регуляцию сигнальных путей, включая STAT и p53. Однако клинические исследования у человека в этой области отсутствуют.

С точки зрения безопасности MSM характеризуется высоким уровнем переносимости. Токсикологические исследования на животных не выявили значимых рисков даже при высоких дозах. В редких случаях отмечаются лёгкие раздражения кожи при наружном применении.

Таким образом, MSM представляет собой биологически активное соединение серы с широким спектром действия, включающим противовоспалительные, антиоксидантные и иммуномодулирующие эффекты. Его фармакокинетические свойства обеспечивают быстрое всасывание и равномерное распределение в тканях, а клиническое применение наиболее обосновано при состояниях, связанных с воспалением и окислительным стрессом.

полный текст – источник:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5372953/

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